Four Billion Years and Counting

canada’s geological heritage

Detailed Breakdown of Chapters


Part 1: FOUNDATIONS

Chapter 1: On the Rocks
Volcano! - Nuggets of Information - Hot Rocks - Cool Rocks - The Scoop on Dirt - In a Pressure Cooker - In Hot Water - Bending and Breaking, Squeezing and Stretching - Bobbing Up and Down


Chapter 2: Dance of the Continents
The Birth of an Idea - Revelations from the Deep - Flipping Poles and Sea Floor Spreading - An Oceanic Disappearing Act - A New Kind of Fault - The Great Synthesis: Plate Tectonics - Making Mountains - Mountains of Old - Of Supercontinents and the Future


Chapter 3: It's About Time
The World is to Exist 6,000 Years - Relatively Speaking - Absolutely - The Dating Game - The Fast Track - At Time's Cutting Edge - Tying it all Together


Chapter 4: Fossils and the Bush of Life
Boneyard - Preserving Body Parts - Preserving Behaviour: Good and Bad! - Darwin's Radical Notion - Molecules Come to the Plate - From Hand to Bush - A Nuclear Development - Of Mushrooms, Yeast and Truffles - On the Move (Sort Of) - Heading in the Right Direction - Stiffening up - Going Green - Extinctions and the Diversification of Life


Chapter 5: A Sedimentary Journey
The Grand Banks Earthquake and Tsunami - The Present is the Key to the Past: Sometimes - The Role of Fossils - Structures and Textures - The Modern Synthesis - Beyond Rivers and Deltas - Making and Filling Holes - Back and Forth - Geography of the Past - Climate Change: Taking the Long View


Part 2: EVOLUTION OF CANADA

Chapter 6: Canada's Geological Geography
From Sea to Sea to Sea - The Continental Nucleus - The Platform - Around the Edges - Beyond the Fringe


Chapter 7: Into Deepest Time (Canada 4,600 to 2,500 million years ago)
Not yet available


Chapter 8: Finishing the Foundations (Canada 2,500 to 1,800 million years ago)
Not yet available


Chapter 9: Breathing Space (Canada 1,800 to 750 million years ago)
Not yet available


Chapter 10: From Icehouse to Hothouse (Canada 750 to 390 Million Years Ago)
No Mistake at Mistaken Point - Setting the Scene - Cool Rocks in Western Canada - Metazoans Burst Forth in the East - The Ediacaran of Western Canada - The Cambrian Explosion - A Sliver and a Bank - Three Exotic Terranes - Trailing Along the Trans-Canada - Farther North - Quiet on the Northern Front - Pearya: Another Chip - Collision Course: Act One - The Laurentian Heartland - Collision Course: Act Two - The Caledonian Ripple Effect - An Exotic Terrane in the West - More Inundations - Plants Land


Chapter 11: Canada Crosses the Equator (Canada 390 to 250 million years ago)
A Nation Founded on Coal - Devonian to Permian Times - Middle Devonian Snapshot - Birth of the Cordillera - Mountains Come and Mountains Go - Fish and "Fishapod" - Basin and Range Down East - Reefs and Salty Seas - Into the Coal Age - Lyell's "Subterranean Forest" - Slivers off the Western Edge - A New Arctic Passage - Really Exotic Rocks - Far Out - Permian Round Up - The Great Dying


Chapter 12: Pangaea Breaks Up (Canada 250 to 185 million years ago)
Arctic Explorations - Setting the Scene - Recovery - Big Dump up North - Eruptions, Shuffles and Crunches - The Platform's Edge - Rifts in the East - Clearing the Way for Dinosaur Dominance - A Belch and a Find - Back to the Other Edge - Getting Intimate - The Origin of the East Coast


Chapter 13: Canada Emerges (Canada 185 to 55 million years ago)
A Western Giant - Setting the Scene - A New Ocean - Delta Dawn - Into Ontario - A Facelift in the West - The Sea Intrudes - Birth of the Arctic Ocean - Arctic Cool-Down - A Brief Interlude - A Rich Tapestry of Life - Impact! - A New Era - The Arctic's Final Push - Wrapping Up


Chapter 14: Canada Shapes Up (Canada 55 to 2 million years ago)
Axel Heiberg's Mysterious Forest - From New Dawn to More Recent - Land Bridges and Climate Change - Shuffling and Melting in the West - Slip-Sliding Away - The Big Stretch - Life in the Cordillera - Still Drifting - Nurturing an Idea - Rivers of the Plains - The Mammals Multiply - Neogene Eruptions - The Mountains Rise Again - Invasions from West and South - Down East and Up North in the Neogene - The End of the Good Times?


Chapter 15: Deep Freeze and Long Summer
A Mountaineer, a Brickyard and a Bluff - The Ice Age - Some Wonderful Theories - Drifters and Mountaineers - Canada Takes the Lead - Flowing Ice - Glaciers as Bulldozers - The Dirt on Glaciers - When the Ice Melts - Glacial Lakes and Seas - One Glaciation Becomes Many - Early Glaciations in Canada - The Sangamon Interglaciation - The Big Chill - Meltdown - The Sea Has its Ups and Downs - The Long Summer and a Few Cold Snaps - Postglacial Biomes


Chapter 16: Peopling Canada
Historic Meeting - Peopling the World - First Arrivals - Beringia - Moving In - Expanding from Beringia - Extinctions and a Changing Environment - From the East Coast - To the West Coast - On the Plains - And Way up North - Coping with Disaster - From Gathering to Horticulture - From Horticulture to Agriculture - Closing the Loop - Moving In and Settling Down - Incidental Invaders - Canada Today


Chapter 17: The Modern Landscape
Not yet available


Part 3: WEALTH AND HEALTH

Chapter 18: Rocks to Riches
Klondike Gold - Minerals, Metals, and the Forging of a Nation - Ore and More - Mineral Deposits in Space and Time - In Hot Water - Ores from Bowels of the Earth - The Impact of Sudbury - All that Glitters is not Gold - Deep Gold - Oxygen and Ore - Plumbing the Earth for Mineral Deposits - Indispensable Resources


Chapter 19: Energizing Canada
Not yet available


Chapter 20: Building Canada
Calgary: Sandstone City - Building Stone - Fieldstone - Sedimentary Rocks used as Building Stone - Igneous Rocks used as Building Stone - Metamorphic Rocks used as Building Stone - Monuments and Graveyards - Brick and Other Clay Uses - Mineral Aggregate - Cement - Evaporite Minerals - Other Industrial Minerals


Chapter 21: Water: A Clear Necessity
Not yet available


Chapter 22: At the beach
Harris Meisner's Farm by the Sea - The Ephemeral Coastline - An Icy Inheritance - Balance of Power - The Rise and Fall of Sea Level: It's All Relative - When Sediment Supply Holds the Balance of Power - Not Enough Sediment: Form an Estuary - Surf's Up: When Waves Hold the Balance of Power - At the Beach - Back to Meisner Island


Chapter 23: On Dangerous Ground
The Morning the Mountain Fell - The Many Types of Hazards - Shake, Rattle and Roll - Predicting and Preparing for Earthquakes - Killer Waves - Blowing One's Top - Slipping and Sliding - White Death - Water, Water, Everywhere - A Dry State of Affairs - Living on a Restless Planet


Chapter 24: Environmental Impacts
The Anthropocene: A New Epoch - Humans as a Geologic Agent - Canada's Urban Future - Threats to Canada's Water Resources - Going to Waste - Cleaning up the Environment - A Daunting Challenge


Chapter 25: Northern Exposures
A Little Known Concern - Of Cadmium and Caribou - POPs and PAHs - Mercury: Solid, Liquid and Gas! - Arsenic: Tasteless and Odourless - but Toxic - The Dose Makes the Poison - Fluorine, Fluoride and Thresholds - Selenium: Another Threshold Element - Radon: an Airborne Hazard with a Geological Source - Of Dust and Volcanoes - Asbestos - Urban Exposure


Chapter 26: Blowing Hot and Cold
The Norse in Greenland - Arctic Threatened by Climate Change - Climate Shapes National Identity - Climate and Weather - We Live in a Greenhouse - What Causes Climate to Change? - The Link Between Climate and the Biosphere - Climate and the Geosphere - Changes in Earth's Orbit - The Restless Sun - Volcanic Eruptions - Ocean Currents and the Atmosphere - Humans are Changing Earth's Climate - What Does This Mean to Canadians?


Part 4: CANADA NOW

Chapter 27: Finale Not yet available